It plays a key role in numerous biochemical processes, including gene expression, protein translation, and redox reactions.
While the effects of sulfur deficiency have been widely studied, the biological responses to sulfur fertilization remain comparatively less explored. In this recent study, researchers analyzed these responses by examining gene expression in tomato plants, both hour by hour and day by day, following the application of sulfur.
Rapid and Lasting Molecular Effects
A Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to sulfur fertilization revealed an increase in the expression of genes related to water management, wound response, and cell wall biosynthesis within the first 24 hours. Using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), scientists identified 14 modules associated with temporal variations in gene expression following sulfur treatment. Genes involved in MAPK pathways and hormonal signaling reached their activity peak just one hour after treatment. This was followed by stimulation of molecular pathways linked to mRNA transport, ribosome biogenesis, and amino acid synthesis.
Modules peaking beyond one day after treatment were enriched in processes related to glutathione metabolism, cell division, and the biosynthesis of auxins and steroids — mechanisms likely to promote sustained growth and enhanced stress resistance.
Concrete Agronomic Benefits
These molecular observations were confirmed by phenotypic results: tomato plants fertilized with sulfur exhibited greater resistance to drought and to the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), as well as a notable increase in yield.
This study therefore highlights sulfur fertilization as an effective strategy for improving agricultural productivity while strengthening crop resilience to stress.
Reference:
Lee, J., Heo, J., Lee, E.S. et al. (2025). Molecular and phenotypic insights into sulfur's role in enhancing tomato plant growth, stress tolerance, and productivity. Scientific Reports, 15, 32773. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17645-3